Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo Super-KamiokandeIn April 1996, the Super-Kamiokande, the world’s largest water Cherenkov detector for observing astroparticles, was constructed 1,000 meters below ground in the Kamioka Mine located in Hida city, Gifu prefecture. It observes neutrinos—particles that pour down on Earth from space—using approximately 11,000 photomultipliers and 50,000 tons of water that fill a tank 39.2 meters in diameter and 41.4 meters in height. The Super-Kamiokande can detect the weak Cherenkov radiation emitted when a neutrino traveling faster than the phase velocity of light passes through the water in the tank and collides with a charged particle of water. Revealing the properties of neutrinos in its entirety, researchers hope, will solve the mystery of how matter formed in the early stages of the universe. In 1998, they found evidence for neutrino oscillation, a finding whose implications contradicted the conventional understanding that neutrinos had zero mass. This discovery eventually led to a Nobel Prize in Physics. In 2020, the researchers added gadolinium to the purified water to enhance the sensitivity of the observations. Expectations continue to run high that the Super-Kamiokande will become the world’s first facility to observe supernova relic neutrinos released in a supernova, thereby advancing our understanding of the universe.https://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/sk/*GadoliniumAdding gadolinium (a rare earth element) to the water inside the tank enhances the sensitivity of neutrino observations for detecting supernova relic neutrinos released into and accumulated in space during the final moments of a star.XL-10B1 viable particle counterThis instrument instantly distinguishes between vi-able and nonviable particles in water and performs continuous real-time measurements of viable parti-cles such as bacteria and plankton. Viable particles are irradiated with a laser of a specific wavelength to induce emissions by the autofluorescent materi-al within the cell. These photons are then detect-ed by the instrument. The sample water is passed through the instrument at a flow rate of 10 ml/min to perform continuous counts of viable particles. The instrument is currently used at water treatment facilities and for water quality management at manufacturing facilities. One all-in-one model de-signed specifically for measuring viable particles in water and used in pharmaceutical manufacturing offers high detection sensitivity—sensitivity made possible by our patented technologies.Researchers at this facility seek to explore the evolution and structure of the universe through neutrino observations.What Rion product is the facility using 1,000 meters underground?Manga by Tama Tsuchiya13
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